EVMs Are Simple, Secure & User Friendly; Repeated Doubts Without Evidence Can Create Distrust: SC Rejects Plea For 100% EVM-VVPAT Verification [Read Judgment]

The Supreme Court, while rejecting pleas seeking 100% cross-verification of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) data with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) records, observed that EVMs are simple, secure and user-friendly.

The Court observed that repeated and persistent doubts and despair about them, even without supporting evidence, can have the contrarian impact of creating distrust.

The Bench of Justice Sanjiv Khanna and Justice Dipankar Datta observed that, "We have referred to the data, after elucidating the mechanics and the safeguards embedded in the EVMs to check and obviate wrongdoing, and to evaluate the efficacy and performance of the EVMs. We acknowledge the right of voters to question the working of EVMs, which are but an electronic device that has a direct impact on election results. However, it is also necessary to exercise care and caution when we raise aspersions on the integrity of the electoral process. Repeated and persistent doubts and despair, even without supporting evidence, can have the contrarian impact of creating distrust. This can reduce citizen participation and confidence in elections, essential for a healthy and robust democracy. Unfounded challenges may actually reveal perceptions and predispositions, whereas this Court, as an arbiter and adjudicator of disputes and challenges, must render decisions on facts based on evidence and data."

The petitions were filed by NGO-Association for Democratic Reforms, Abhay Bhakchand Chhajed, and Arun Kumar Aggarwal, requesting that all VVPATs be verified instead of just 5 randomly selected polling stations in each assembly constituency. They also sought measures to ensure votes are accurately recorded and counted.

However, the Election Commission of India (ECI) opposed the pleas, arguing that they cast doubt on EVMs and VVPATs without valid grounds. The ECI contended that manually counting all VVPAT paper slips would be time-consuming and prone to human error and mischief. Additionally, the ECI asserted that EVMs are tamper-proof and voters do not have the claimed fundamental right.

The Apex Court observed that, "A voting mechanism must uphold and adhere to the principles of security, accountability, and accuracy. An overcomplex voting system may engender doubt and uncertainty, thereby easing the chances of manipulation. In our considered opinion, the EVMs are simple, secure and user-friendly. The voters, candidates and their representatives, and the officials of the ECI are aware of the nitty-gritty of the EVM system. They also check and ensure righteousness and integrity. Moreover, the incorporation of the VVPAT system fortifies the principle of vote verifiability, thereby enhancing the overall accountability of the electoral process." 

Nevertheless, to further strengthen the integrity of the election process, the Court issued the following directions: 

(a) On completion of the symbol loading process in the VVPATs undertaken on or after 01.05.2024, the symbol loading units shall be sealed and secured in a container. The candidates or their representatives shall sign the seal. The sealed containers, containing the symbol loading units, shall be kept in the strong room along with the EVMs at least for a period of 45 days post the declaration of results. They shall be opened, examined and dealt with as in the case of EVMs.

(b) The burnt memory/microcontroller in 5% of the EVMs, that is, the control unit, ballot unit and the VVPAT, per assembly constituency/assembly segment of a parliamentary constituency shall be checked and verified by the team of engineers from the manufacturers of the EVMs, post the announcement of the results, for any tampering or modification, on a written request made by candidates who are at SI.No.2 or Sl.No.3, behind the highest polled candidate. Such candidates or their representatives shall identify the EVMs by the polling station or serial number. All the candidates and their representatives shall have an option to remain present at the time of verification. Such a request should be made within a period of 7 days from the date of declaration of the result. The District Election Officer, in consultation with the team of engineers, shall certify the authenticity/intactness of the burnt memory/ microcontroller after the verification process is conducted. The actual cost or expenses for the said verification will be notified by the ECI, and the candidate making the said request will pay for such expenses. The expenses will be refunded, in case the EVM is found to be tampered.

Justice Datta also penned his views separately in a concurring judgment, wherein he observed that, "This issue at hand of doubting the efficacy of the EVMs has been previously raised before this Court and it is imperative that such issue is concluded definitively now. Going forward, unless substantial evidence is presented against the EVMs, the current system will have to persist with enhancements. Regressive measures to revert to paper ballots or any alternative to the EVMs that does not adequately safeguard the interests of Indian citizens have to be eschewed. I also wish to observe that while maintaining a balanced perspective is crucial in evaluating systems or institutions, blindly distrusting any aspect of the system can breed unwarranted scepticism and impede progress. Instead, a critical yet constructive approach, guided by evidence and reason, should be followed to make room for meaningful improvements and to ensure the system's credibility and effectiveness."

The petitions were disposed of accordingly.

Cause Title: Association for Democratic Reforms vs Election Commission of India & Anr.

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